W
WoLF
Guest
DC
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Chapter 1: BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY
o Static electricity
o Conductors, insulators, and electron flow
o Electric circuits
o Voltage and current
o Resistance
o Voltage and current in a practical circuit
o Conventional versus electron flow
o Contributors
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Chapter 2: OHM's LAW
o How voltage, current, and resistance relate
o An analogy for Ohm's Law
o Power in electric circuits
o Calculating electric power
o Resistors
o Nonlinear conduction
o Circuit wiring
o Polarity of voltage drops
o Computer simulation of electric circuits
o Contributors
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Chapter 3: ELECTRICAL SAFETY
o The importance of electrical safety
o Physiological effects of electricity
o Shock current path
o Ohm's Law (again!)
o Safe practices
o Emergency response
o Common sources of hazard
o Safe circuit design
o Safe meter usage
o Electric shock data
o Contributors
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Chapter 4: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION AND METRIC PREFIXES
o Scientific notation
o Arithmetic with scientific notation
o Metric notation
o Metric prefix conversions
o Hand calculator use
o Scientific notation in SPICE
o Contributors
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Chapter 5: SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS
o What are "series" and "parallel" circuits?
o Simple series circuits
o Simple parallel circuits
o Conductance
o Power calculations
o Correct use of Ohm's Law
o Component failure analysis
o Building simple resistor circuits
o Contributors
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Chapter 6: DIVIDER CIRCUITS AND KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
o Voltage divider circuits
o Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
o Current divider circuits
o Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
o Contributors
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Chapter 7: SERIES-PARALLEL COMBINATION CIRCUITS
o What is a series-parallel circuit?
o Analysis technique
o Re-drawing complex schematics
o Component failure analysis
o Building series-parallel resistor circuits
o Contributors
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Chapter 8: DC METERING CIRCUITS
o What is a meter?
o Voltmeter design
o Voltmeter impact on measured circuit
o Ammeter design
o Ammeter impact on measured circuit
o Ohmmeter design
o High voltage ohmmeters
o Multimeters
o Kelvin (4-wire) resistance measurement
o Bridge circuits
o Wattmeter design
o Creating custom calibration resistances
o Contributors
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Chapter 9: ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION SIGNALS
o Analog and digital signals
o Voltage signal systems
o Current signal systems
o Tachogenerators
o Thermocouples
o pH measurement
o Strain gauges
o Contributors
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Chapter 10: DC NETWORK ANALYSIS
o What is network analysis?
o Branch current method
o Mesh current method
o Node voltage method
o Introduction to network theorems
o Millman's Theorem
o Superposition Theorem
o Thevenin's Theorem
o Norton's Theorem
o Thevenin-Norton equivalencies
o Millman's Theorem revisited
o Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
o -Y and Y- conversions
o Contributors
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Chapter 11: BATTERIES AND POWER SYSTEMS
o Electron activity in chemical reactions
o Battery construction
o Battery ratings
o Special-purpose batteries
o Practical considerations
o Contributors
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Chapter 12: PHYSICS OF CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
o Introduction
o Conductor size
o Conductor ampacity
o Fuses
o Specific resistance
o Temperature coefficient of resistance
o Superconductivity
o Insulator breakdown voltage
o Data
o Contributors
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Chapter 13: CAPACITORS
o Electric fields and capacitance
o Capacitors and calculus
o Factors affecting capacitance
o Series and parallel capacitors
o Practical considerations
o Contributors
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Chapter 14: MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM
o Permanent magnets
o Electromagnetism
o Magnetic units of measurement
o Permeability and saturation
o Electromagnetic induction
o Mutual inductance
o Contributors
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Chapter 15: INDUCTORS
o Magnetic fields and inductance
o Inductors and calculus
o Factors affecting inductance
o Series and parallel inductors
o Practical considerations
o Contributors
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Chapter 16: RC AND L/R TIME CONSTANTS
o Electrical transients
o Capacitor transient response
o Inductor transient response
o Voltage and current calculations
o Why L/R and not LR?
o Complex voltage and current calculations
o Complex circuits
o Solving for unknown time
o Contributors
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Chapter 17: CONTRIBUTOR LIST
o How to contribute to this book
o Credits
AC
*
Chapter 1: BASIC AC THEORY
o What is alternating current (AC)?
o AC waveforms
o Measurements of AC magnitude
o Simple AC circuit calculations
o AC phase
o Principles of radio
o Contributors
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Chapter 2: COMPLEX NUMBERS
o Introduction
o Vectors and AC waveforms
o Simple vector addition
o Complex vector addition
o Polar and rectangular notation
o Complex number arithmetic
o More on AC "polarity"
o Some examples with AC circuits
o Contributors
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Chapter 3: REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE -- INDUCTIVE
o AC resistor circuits
o AC inductor circuits
o Series resistor-inductor circuits
o Parallel resistor-inductor circuits
o Inductor quirks
o More on the ``skin effect''
o Contributors
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Chapter 4: REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE -- CAPACITIVE
o AC resistor circuits
o AC capacitor circuits
o Series resistor-capacitor circuits
o Parallel resistor-capacitor circuits
o Capacitor quirks
o Contributors
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Chapter 5: REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE -- R, L, AND C
o Review of R, X, and Z
o Series R, L, and C
o Parallel R, L, and C
o Series-parallel R, L, and C
o Susceptance and Admittance
o Summary
o Contributors
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Chapter 6: RESONANCE
o An electric pendulum
o Simple parallel (tank circuit) resonance
o Simple series resonance
o Applications of resonance
o Resonance in series-parallel circuits
o Q and bandwidth of a resonant circuit
o Contributors
*
Chapter 7: MIXED-FREQUENCY AC SIGNALS
o Introduction
o Square wave signals
o Other waveshapes
o More on spectrum analysis
o Circuit effects
o Contributors
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Chapter 8: FILTERS
o What is a filter?
o Low-pass filters
o High-pass filters
o Band-pass filters
o Band-stop filters
o Resonant filters
o Summary
o Contributors
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Chapter 9: TRANSFORMERS
o Mutual inductance and basic operation
o Step-up and step-down transformers
o Electrical isolation
o Phasing
o Winding configurations
o Voltage regulation
o Special transformers and applications
o Practical considerations
o Contributors
*
Chapter 10: POLYPHASE AC CIRCUITS
o Single-phase power systems
o Three-phase power systems
o Phase rotation
o Polyphase motor design
o Three-phase Y and Delta configurations
o Three-phase transformer circuits
o Harmonics in polyphase power systems
o Harmonic phase sequences
o Contributors
*
Chapter 11: POWER FACTOR
o Power in resistive and reactive AC circuits
o True, Reactive, and Apparent power
o Calculating power factor
o Practical power factor correction
o Contributors
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Chapter 12: AC METERING CIRCUITS
o AC voltmeters and ammeters
o Frequency and phase measurement
o Power measurement
o Power quality measurement
o AC bridge circuits
o AC instrumentation transducers
o Contributors
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Chapter 13: AC MOTORS
o Introduction
o Synchronous Motors
o Synchronous condenser
o Reluctance motor
o Stepper motors
o Brushless DC motor
o Tesla polyphase induction motors
o Wound rotor induction motors
o Single-phase induction motors
o Other specialized motors
o Selsyn (synchro) motors
o AC commutator motors
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Chapter 14: TRANSMISSION LINES
o A 50-ohm cable?
o Circuits and the speed of light
o Characteristic impedance
o Finite-length transmission lines
o ``Long'' and ``short'' transmission lines
o Standing waves and resonance
o Impedance transformation
o Waveguides
*
Chapter 15: CONTRIBUTOR LIST
o How to contribute to this book
o Credits
Semiconductors
*
Chapter 1: AMPLIFIERS AND ACTIVE DEVICES
o From electric to electronic
o Active versus passive devices
o Amplifiers
o Amplifier gain
o Decibels
o Absolute dB scales
o Attenuators
o Contributors
*
Chapter 2: SOLID-STATE DEVICE THEORY
o Introduction
o Quantum physics
o Valence and Crystal structure
o Band theory of solids
o Electrons and ``holes''
o The P-N junction
o Junction diodes
o Bipolar junction transistors
o Junction field-effect transistors
o Insulated-gate field-effect transistors (MOSFET)
o Thyristors
o Semiconductor manufacturing techniques
o Superconducting devices
o Quantum devices
o Semiconductor devices in SPICE
o Contributors
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Chapter 3: DIODES AND RECTIFIERS
o Introduction
o Meter check of a diode
o Diode ratings
o Rectifier circuits
o Peak detector
o Clipper circuits
o Clamper circuits
o Voltage multipliers
o Inductor commutating circuits
o Diode switching circuits
o Zener diodes
o Special-purpose diodes
o Other diode technologies
o SPICE models
o Contributors
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Chapter 4: BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS
o Introduction
o The transistor as a switch
o Meter check of a transistor
o Active mode operation
o The common-emitter amplifier
o The common-collector amplifier
o The common-base amplifier
o The cascode amplifier
o Biasing techniques
o Biasing calculations
o Input and output coupling
o Feedback
o Amplifier impedances
o Current mirrors
o Transistor ratings and packages
o BJT quirks
*
Chapter 5: JUNCTION FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS
o Introduction
o The transistor as a switch
o Meter check of a transistor
o Active-mode operation
o The common-source amplifier -- PENDING
o The common-drain amplifier -- PENDING
o The common-gate amplifier -- PENDING
o Biasing techniques -- PENDING
o Transistor ratings and packages -- PENDING
o JFET quirks -- PENDING
*
Chapter 6: INSULATED-GATE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS
o Introduction
o Depletion-type IGFETs
o Enhancement-type IGFETs -- PENDING
o Active-mode operation -- PENDING
o The common-source amplifier -- PENDING
o The common-drain amplifier -- PENDING
o The common-gate amplifier -- PENDING
o Biasing techniques -- PENDING
o Transistor ratings and packages -- PENDING
o IGFET quirks -- PENDING
o MESFETs -- PENDING
o IGBTs
*
Chapter 7: THYRISTORS
o Hysteresis
o Gas discharge tubes
o The Shockley Diode
o The DIAC
o The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
o The TRIAC
o Optothyristors
o The Unijunction Transistor (UJT)
o The Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS)
o Field-effect-controlled thyristors
*
Chapter 8: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
o Introduction
o Single-ended and differential amplifiers
o The "operational" amplifier
o Negative feedback
o Divided feedback
o An analogy for divided feedback
o Voltage-to-current signal conversion
o Averager and summer circuits
o Building a differential amplifier
o The instrumentation amplifier
o Differentiator and integrator circuits
o Positive feedback
o Practical considerations
o Operational amplifier models
o Data
o Contributors
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Chapter 9: PRACTICAL ANALOG SEMICONDUCTOR CIRCUITS
o ElectroStatic Discharge
o Power supply circuits -- INCOMPLETE
o Amplifier circuits -- PENDING
o Oscillator circuits -- INCOMPLETE
o Phase-locked loops -- PENDING
o Radio circuits -- INCOMPLETE
o Computational circuits
o Measurement circuits -- INCOMPLETE
o Control circuits -- PENDING
o Contributors
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Chapter 10: ACTIVE FILTERS
*
Chapter 11: DC MOTOR DRIVES
o Pulse Width Modulation
o Contributors
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Chapter 12: INVERTERS AND AC MOTOR DRIVES
*
Chapter 13: ELECTRON TUBES
o Introduction
o Early tube history
o The triode
o The tetrode
o Beam power tubes
o The pentode
o Combination tubes
o Tube parameters
o Ionization (gas-filled) tubes
o Display tubes
o Microwave tubes
o Tubes versus Semiconductors
*
Chapter 14: CONTRIBUTOR LIST
o How to contribute to this book
o Credits
Digital
*
Chapter 1: NUMERATION SYSTEMS
o Numbers and symbols
o Systems of numeration
o Decimal versus binary numeration
o Octal and hexadecimal numeration
o Octal and hexadecimal to decimal conversion
o Conversion from decimal numeration
*
Chapter 2: BINARY ARITHMETIC
o Numbers versus numeration
o Binary addition
o Negative binary numbers
o Subtraction
o Overflow
o Bit groupings
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Chapter 3: LOGIC GATES
o Digital signals and gates
o The NOT gate
o The "buffer" gate
o Multiple-input gates
o TTL NAND and AND gates
o TTL NOR and OR gates
o CMOS gate circuitry
o Special-output gates
o Gate universality
o Logic signal voltage levels
o DIP gate packaging
o Contributors
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Chapter 4: SWITCHES
o Switch types
o Switch contact design
o Contact "normal" state and make/break sequence
o Contact "bounce"
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Chapter 5: ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS
o Relay construction
o Contactors
o Time-delay relays
o Protective relays
o Solid-state relays
*
Chapter 6: LADDER LOGIC
o "Ladder" diagrams
o Digital logic functions
o Permissive and interlock circuits
o Motor control circuits
o Fail-safe design
o Programmable logic controllers
o Contributors
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Chapter 7: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
o Introduction
o Boolean arithmetic
o Boolean algebraic identities
o Boolean algebraic properties
o Boolean rules for simplification
o Circuit simplification examples
o The Exclusive-OR function
o DeMorgan's Theorems
o Converting truth tables into Boolean expressions
*
Chapter 8: KARNAUGH MAPPING
o Introduction
o Venn diagrams and sets
o Boolean Relationships on Venn Diagrams
o Making a Venn diagram look like a Karnaugh map
o Karnaugh maps, truth tables, and Boolean expressions
o Logic simplification with Karnaugh maps
o Larger 4-variable Karnaugh maps
o Minterm vs maxterm solution
o (sum) and (product) notation
o Don't care cells in the Karnaugh map
o Larger 5 & 6-variable Karnaugh maps
*
Chapter 9: COMBINATIONAL LOGIC FUNCTIONS
o Introduction
o A Half-Adder
o A Full-Adder
o Decoder
o Encoder
o Demultiplexers
o Multiplexers
o Using multiple combinational circuits
*
Chapter 10: MULTIVIBRATORS
o Digital logic with feedback
o The S-R latch
o The gated S-R latch
o The D latch
o Edge-triggered latches: Flip-Flops
o The J-K flip-flop
o Asynchronous flip-flop inputs
o Monostable multivibrators
*
Chapter 11: COUNTERS
o Binary count sequence
o Asynchronous counters
o Synchronous counters
o Counter modulus
*
Chapter 12: SHIFT REGISTERS
o Introduction
o Serial-in/serial-out shift register
o Parallel-in, serial-out shift register
o Serial-in, parallel-out shift register
o Parallel-in, parallel-out, universal shift register
o Ring counters
o references
*
Chapter 13: DIGITAL-ANALOG CONVERSION
o Introduction
o The R/2nR DAC
o The R/2R DAC
o Flash ADC
o Digital ramp ADC
o Successive approximation ADC
o Tracking ADC
o Slope (integrating) ADC
o Delta-Sigma () ADC
o Practical considerations of ADC circuits
*
Chapter 14: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
o Introduction
o Networks and busses
o Data flow
o Electrical signal types
o Optical data communication
o Network topology
o Network protocols
o Practical considerations
*
Chapter 15: DIGITAL STORAGE (MEMORY)
o Why digital?
o Digital memory terms and concepts
o Modern nonmechanical memory
o Historical, nonmechanical memory technologies
o Read-only memory
o Memory with moving parts: "Drives"
*
Chapter 16: PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL COMPUTING
o A binary adder
o Look-up tables
o Finite-state machines
o Microprocessors
o Microprocessor programming
*
Chapter 17: CONTRIBUTOR LIST
o How to contribute to this book
o Credits
Reference
*
Chapter 1: USEFUL EQUATIONS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
o DC circuit equations and laws
o Series circuit rules
o Parallel circuit rules
o Series and parallel component equivalent values
o Capacitor sizing equation
o Inductor sizing equation
o Time constant equations
o AC circuit equations
o Decibels
o Metric prefixes and unit conversions
o Data
o Contributors
*
Chapter 2: COLOR CODES
o Resistor Color Codes
o Wiring Color Codes
*
Chapter 3: CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR TABLES
o Copper wire gage table
o Copper wire ampacity table
o Coefficients of specific resistance
o Temperature coefficients of resistance
o Critical temperatures for superconductors
o Dielectric strengths for insulators
o Data
*
Chapter 4: ALGEBRA REFERENCE
o Basic identities
o Arithmetic properties
o Properties of exponents
o Radicals
o Important constants
o Logarithms
o Factoring equivalencies
o The quadratic formula
o Sequences
o Factorials
o Solving simultaneous equations
o Contributors
*
Chapter 5: TRIGONOMETRY REFERENCE
o Right triangle trigonometry
o Non-right triangle trigonometry
o Trigonometric equivalencies
o Hyperbolic functions
o Contributors
*
Chapter 6: CALCULUS REFERENCE
o Rules for limits
o Derivative of a constant
o Common derivatives
o Derivatives of power functions of e
o Trigonometric derivatives
o Rules for derivatives
o The antiderivative (Indefinite integral)
o Common antiderivatives
o Antiderivatives of power functions of e
o Rules for antiderivatives
o Definite integrals and the fundamental theorem of calculus
o Differential equations
*
Chapter 7: USING THE SPICE CIRCUIT SIMULATION PROGRAM
o Introduction
o History of SPICE
o Fundamentals of SPICE programming
o The command-line interface
o Circuit components
o Analysis options
o Quirks
o Example circuits and netlists
*
Chapter 8: TROUBLESHOOTING -- THEORY AND PRACTICE
o
o Questions to ask before proceeding
o General troubleshooting tips
o Specific troubleshooting techniques
o Likely failures in proven systems
o Likely failures in unproven systems
o Potential pitfalls
o Contributors
*
Chapter 9: CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS
o Wires and connections
o Power sources
o Resistors
o Capacitors
o Inductors
o Mutual inductors
o Switches, hand actuated
o Switches, process actuated
o Switches, electrically actuated (relays)
o Connectors
o Diodes
o Transistors, bipolar
o Transistors, junction field-effect (JFET)
o Transistors, insulated-gate field-effect (IGFET or MOSFET)
o Transistors, hybrid
o Thyristors
o Integrated circuits
o Electron tubes
*
Chapter 10: PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
o Table (landscape view)
o Table (portrait view)
o Data
*
Chapter 11: CONTRIBUTOR LIST
o How to contribute to this book
o Credits
All About Circuits [email protected]